SES is hardened JavaScript. SES stands for fearless cooperation. This package is a SES shim for JavaScript features proposed to ECMA TC39. Hardened JavaScript is highly compatible with ordinary JavaScript. Most existing JavaScript libraries can run on hardened JavaScript.
fetch). Compartments can be selectively endowed with powerful arguments,
globals, or modules.SES safely executes third-party JavaScript 'strict' mode programs in compartments that have no excess authority in their global scope. SES runs atop an ES6-compliant platform, enabling safe interaction of mutually-suspicious code, using object-capability -style programming.
See https://github.com/Agoric/Jessie to see how SES fits into the various flavors of confined JavaScript execution. And visit https://ses-demo.agoric.app/demos/ for a demo.
SES starts where the Caja project left off https://github.com/google/caja/wiki/SES, and goes on to introduce compartments and modernize the permitted JavaScript features.
Please join the conversation on our Mailing List and Matrix. We record a weekly conference call with the Hardened JavaScript engineering community.
Hardened JavaScript, Kris Kowal:
Don't add Security, Remove Insecurity, Mark Miller:
npm install ses
The SES shim runs in most engines, either as an ESM module ses or as a
<script> tag.
For a script tag, the content encoding charset must be UTF-8, either by virtue
of <head><meta charset="utf-8"></head> (a general best practice for all HTML
files) or specifically <script src="node_modules/ses/dist/ses.umd.min.js" charset="utf-8">.
SES can be bundled by Webpack, Browseriy, Rollup, and Parcel, but any of these tools could be coopted with a supply-chain attack to invalidate the security properties of SES. We generally recommend installing SES as a separate script tag.
SES introduces the lockdown() function.
Calling lockdown() alters the surrounding execution environment, or
realm, such that no two programs running in the same realm can observe or
affect each other until they have been introduced, and even then can only
interact through their own exposed interfaces.
To do this, lockdown() tamper-proofs all of the JavaScript intrinsics, to
prevent prototype pollution.
After that, no program can subvert the methods of these objects (preventing
some man in the middle attacks).
Also, no program can use these mutable objects to pass notes to parties that
haven't been expressly introduced (preventing some covert communication
channels).
Lockdown freezes all objects that are effectively undeniable to programs in the
realm. The set of such objects includes but is not limited to: globalThis,
prototype objects of Array, Function, GeneratorFunction, and Object, and objects
accessible from those objects (such as Object.prototype.toString).
The lockdown() function also tames some objects including regular
expressions, locale methods, and errors.
A tamed RegExp does not have the deprecated compile method.
A tamed error does not have a V8 stack, but the console can still see the
stack.
Lockdown replaces locale methods like String.prototype.localeCompare with
generic versions that do not reveal the host locale.
import 'ses';
lockdown();
console.log(Object.isFrozen([].__proto__));
// true
Lockdown does not erase any powerful objects from the initial global scope. Instead, Compartments give complete control over what powerful objects exist for client code.
See lockdown options for configuration options to
lockdown. However, all of these have sensible defaults that should
work for most projects out of the box.
SES introduces the harden function.
After calling lockdown, the harden function ensures that every object in
the transitive closure over property and prototype access starting with that
object has been frozen by Object.freeze.
This means that the object can be passed among programs and none of those
programs will be able to tamper with the surface of that object graph.
They can only read the surface data and call the surface functions.
import 'ses';
lockdown();
let counter = 0;
const capability = harden({
inc() {
counter++;
},
});
console.log(Object.isFrozen(capability));
// true
console.log(Object.isFrozen(capability.inc));
// true
Note that although the surface of the capability is frozen, the capability still closes over the mutable counter. Hardening an object graph makes the surface immutable, but does not guarantee that methods are free of side effects.
SES introduces the Compartment constructor.
A compartment is an evaluation and execution environment with its own
globalThis and wholly independent system of modules, but otherwise shares
the same batch of intrinsics like Array with the surrounding compartment.
The concept of a compartment implies an initial compartment, the initial
execution environment of a realm.
In the following example, we create a compartment endowed with a print()
function on globalThis.
import 'ses';
const c = new Compartment({
print: harden(console.log),
});
c.evaluate(`
print('Hello! Hello?');
`);
The new compartment has a different global object than the start compartment.
The global object is initially mutable.
Locking down the realm hardened the objects in global scope.
After lockdown, no compartment can tamper with these intrinsics and
undeniable objects.
Many of these are identical in the new compartment.
const c = new Compartment();
c.globalThis === globalThis; // false
c.globalThis.JSON === JSON; // true
Other pairs of compartments also share many identical intrinsics and undeniable objects of the realm. Each has a unique, initially mutable, global object.
const c1 = new Compartment();
const c2 = new Compartment();
c1.globalThis === c2.globalThis; // false
c1.globalThis.JSON === c2.globalThis.JSON; // true
The global scope of every compartment includes a shallow, specialized copy of
the JavaScript intrinsics, disabling Math.random, Date.now and the
behaviors of the Date constructor which would reveal the current time.
Comaprtments leave these out since they can be used as covert communication
channels between programs.
However, a compartment may be expressly given access to these objects
through:
globalThis after construction.const powerfulCompartment = new Compartment({ Math });
powerfulCompartment.globalThis.Date = Date;
Together, Compartment and lockdown isolate client code in an environment with
limited powers and communication channels.
A compartment has only the capabilities it is expressly given and cannot modify
any of the shared intrinsics.
Every compartment gets its own globals, including such objects as the
Function constructor.
Yet, compartment and lockdown do not break instanceof for any of these
intrinsics types!
All of the evaluators in one compartment are captured by that compartment's
global scope, including Function, indirect eval, dynamic import, and its
own Compartment constructor for child compartments.
For example, the Function constructor in one compartment creates functions
that evaluate in the global scope of that compartment.
const c1 = new Compartment();
const f1 = new c.globalThis.Function('return globalThis');
f1() === c1.globalThis; // true
const c2 = new Compartment();
const f2 = new c.globalThis.Function('return globalThis');
f2() === c2.globalThis; // true
f1() === f2(); // false
Lockdown prepares for compartments with separate globals by freezing
their shared prototypes and replacing their prototype constructors
with powerless dummies.
So, Function is different in two compartments, Function.prototype is the
same, and Function is not the same as Function.prototype.constructor.
The Function.prototype.constructor can only throw exceptions.
So, a function passed between compartments does not carry access to
its compartment's globals along with it.
Yet, f instanceof Function works, even when f and Function are
from different compartments.
The globalThis in each compartment is mutable.
This can and should be frozen before running any dynamic code in that
compartment, yet is not strictly necessary if the compartment only
runs code from a single party.
Any code executed within a compartment shares a set of module instances.
For modules to work within a compartment, the creator must provide
a resolveHook and an importHook.
The resolveHook determines how the compartment will infer the full module
specifier for another module from a referrer module and the import specifier.
The importHook accepts a full specifier and asynchronously returns a
StaticModuleRecord for that module.
import 'ses';
import { StaticModuleRecord } from '@endo/static-module-record';
const c1 = new Compartment({}, {}, {
name: "first compartment",
resolveHook: (moduleSpecifier, moduleReferrer) => {
return resolve(moduleSpecifier, moduleReferrer);
},
importHook: async moduleSpecifier => {
const moduleLocation = locate(moduleSpecifier);
const moduleText = await retrieve(moduleLocation);
return new StaticModuleRecord(moduleText, moduleLocation);
},
});
The SES language specifies a global
StaticModuleRecord, but this is not provided by the shim because it entrains a full JavaScript parser that is an unnecessary performance penalty for the SES runtime. Instead, the SES shim accepts a compiled static module record duck-type that is tightly coupled to the shim implementation. Third party modules can provide suitable implementations and even move the compile step to build time instead of runtime.
A compartment can also link a module in another compartment.
Each compartment has a module function that accepts a module specifier
and returns the module exports namespace for that module.
The module exports namespace is not useful for inspecting the exports of the
module until that module has been imported, but it can be passed into the
module map of another Compartment, creating a link.
const c2 = new Compartment({}, {
'c1': c1.module('./main.js'),
}, {
name: "second compartment",
resolveHook,
importHook,
});
If a compartment imports a module specified as "./utility" but actually
implemented by an alias like "./utility/index.js", the importHook may
follow redirects, symbolic links, or search for candidates using its own logic
and return a module that has a different "response specifier" than the original
"request specifier".
The importHook may return an "alias" object with record, compartment,
and module properties.
record must be a static module record, either a third-party module record
or a compiled static module record.compartment is optional, to be specified if the alias transits to a
different compartment, andspecifier is the full module specifier of the module in its compartment.
This defaults to the request specifier, which is only useful if the
compartment is different.In the following example, the importHook searches for a file and returns an alias.
const importHook = async specifier => {
const candidates = [specifier, `${specifier}.js`, `${specifier}/index.js`];
for (const candidate of candidates) {
const record = await wrappedImportHook(candidate).catch(_ => undefined);
if (record !== undefined) {
return { record, specifier };
}
}
throw new Error(`Cannot find module ${specifier}`);
};
const compartment = new Compartment({}, {}, {
resolveHook,
importHook,
});
The module map above allows modules to be introduced to a compartment up-front.
Some modules cannot be known that early.
For example, in Node.js, a package might have a dependency that brings in an
entire subtree of modules.
Also, a pair of compartments with cyclic dependencies between modules they each
contain cannot use compartment.module to link the second compartment
constructed to the first.
For these cases, the Compartment constructor accepts a moduleMapHook option
that is like the dynamic version of the static moduleMap argument.
This is a function that accepts a module specifier and returns the module
namespace for that module specifier, or undefined.
If the moduleMapHook returns undefined, the compartment proceeds to the
importHook to attempt to asynchronously obtain the module's source.
const moduleMapHook = moduleSpecifier => {
if (moduleSpecifier === 'even') {
return even.module('./index.js');
} else if (moduleSpecifier === 'odd') {
return odd.module('./index.js');
}
};
const even = new Compartment({}, {}, {
resolveHook: nodeResolveHook,
importHook: makeImportHook('https://example.com/even'),
moduleMapHook,
});
const odd = new Compartment({}, {}, {
resolveHook: nodeResolveHook,
importHook: makeImportHook('https://example.com/odd'),
moduleMapHook,
});
To incorporate modules not implemented as JavaScript modules, third-parties may
implement a StaticModuleRecord interface.
The record must have an imports array and an execute method.
The compartment will call execute with:
exports namespace object,resolvedImports object that maps import names (from imports) to their
corresponding resolved specifiers (through the compartment's resolveHook),
andcompartment, such that importNow can obtain any of the module's
specified imports.:warning: A future breaking version may allow the importNow and the execute
method of third-party static module records to return promises, to support
top-level await.
Instead of the StaticModuleRecord constructor specified for the SES language,
the SES shim uses compiled static module records as a stand-in.
These can be created with a StaticModuleRecord constructor from a package
like @endo/static-module-record.
We omitted StaticModuleRecord from the SES shim because it entrains a heavy
dependency on a JavaScript parser.
The shim depends upon a StaticModuleRecord constructor to analyze and
transform the source of a JavaScript module (known as an ESM or a .mjs file)
into a JavaScript program suitable for evaluation with compartment.evaluate
using a particular calling convention to initialize a module instance.
A compiled static module record has the following shape:
imports is a record that maps partial module specifiers to a list of
names imported from the corresponding module.exports is an array of all the names that the module will export.reexports is an array of partial module specifier for which this
module exports all imported names.
This field is optional.__syncModuleProgram__ is a string that evaluates to a function that accepts
an initialization record and initializes the module.
This property distinguishes this type of module record.
The name implies a future record type that supports top-level await.
imports, liveVar, importMeta and
onceVar.
imports is a function that accepts a map from partial import
module specifiers to maps from names that the corresponding module
exports to notifier functions.
A notifier function accepts an update function and registers
to receive updates for the value exported by the other module.importMeta is a null-prototype object with keys transferred from importMeta
property in the envelope returned by importHook and/or mutated by
calling importMetaHook(moduleSpecifier, importMeta)liveVar is a record that maps names exported by this module
to a function that may be called to initialize or update
the corresponding value in another module.onceVar is a record that maps constants exported by this
module to a function that may be called to initialize the
corresponding value in another module.__syncModuleFunctor__ is an optional function that if present is used
instead of the evaluation of the __syncModuleProgram__ string. It will be
called with the initialization record described above. It is intended to be
used in environments where eval is not available. Sandboxing of the functor is
the responsibility of the author of the StaticModuleRecord.__liveExportsMap__ is a record that maps import names or names in the lexical
scope of the module to export names, for variables that may change after
initialization. Any reexported name is assumed to possibly change.
The exported name is wrapped in a duple array like ["exportedName", true].
The second value, a boolean, indicates that the variable has a temporal
dead-zone (a time between creation and initialization) when access to that
name should throw a ReferenceError.__fixedExportsMap__ is a record that maps import names to export names
for constants exported by this module.
The fixed exports map is an aesthetic subtype of the live exports map,
so the value is wrapped in a simple array like ["exportedName"]The Compartment constructor accepts a transforms option.
This is an array of JavaScript source to source translation functions,
in the order they should be applied.
Passing the source to the first function's input, then from each function's
output to the next's input, the final function's output must be a valid
JavaScript "Program" grammar construction, code that is valid in a <script>,
not a module.
const transforms = [addCodeCoverageInstrumentation];
const c = new Compartment({ console, coverage }, null, { transforms });
c.evaluate('console.log("Hello");');
The evaluate method of a compartment also accepts a transforms option.
These apply before and in addition to the compartment-scoped transforms.
const transform = source => source.replace(/Farewell/g, 'Hello');
const transforms = [transform];
c.evaluate('console.log("Farewell, World!")', { transforms });
// Hello, World!
These transforms do not apply to modules.
To transform the source of a JavaScript module, the importHook must
intercept the source and transform it before passing it to the
StaticModuleRecord constructor.
These are distinct because programs and modules have distinct grammar
productions.
An internal implementation detail of the SES-shim is that it
converts modules to programs and evaluates them as programs.
So, only for this implementation of Compartment, it is possible for a program
transform to be equally applicable for modules, but that transform will
have a window into the internal translation, will be sensitive to changes to
that translation between any pair of releases, even those that do not disclose
any breaking changes, and will only work on SES-shim, not any other
implementation of Compartment like the one provided by XS.
The SES-shim Compartment constructor accepts a __shimTransforms__
option for this purpose.
For the Compartment to use the same transforms for both evaluated strings
and modules converted to programs, pass them as __shimTransforms__
instead of transforms.
const __shimTransforms__ = [addCoverage];
const c = new Compartment({ console, coverage }, null, {
__shimTransforms__,
});
c.evaluate('console.log("Hello");');
The __shimTransforms__ feature is designed to uphold the security properties
of compartments, since an attacker may use all available features, whether they
are standard or not.
lockdown() adds new global assert and tames the global console. The error
taming hides error stacks, accumulating them in side tables. The assert
system generates other diagnostic information hidden in side tables. The tamed
console uses these side tables to output more informative diagnostics.
Logging Errors explains the design.
The ses shim concerns boundaries between programs in the same process and
JavaScript realm.
In terms of the Taxonomy of Security Issues,
the ses shim creates a boundary that is finer than an operating system
process or thread and facilitates boundaries as fine as individual objects.
While ses can interpose at granularities where process isolation is not a
viable boundary, as between an application and its dependencies or between a
platform and a plugin, ses combines well with coarser boundaries for defense
in depth.
For the purposes of these claims and caveats, a "host program" is a program
that arranges ses, calls lockdown, and orchestrates one or more "guest
programs", providing limited access to its resources.
Provided that the ses implementation and its
trusted compute base are correct, we claim that a host
program can evaluate a guest program (program) in a compartment after
lockdown and that the guest program:
globalThis,However, such a program can:
ses occludes the stack on V8 and SpiderMonkey, but cannot on
JavaScriptCore.lockdown();
const compartment = new Compartment();
compartment.evaluate(program);
If the host program arranges for the compartment's globalThis to
be frozen, we additionally claim that the host can evaluate any two guest
programs (program1 and program2) in that compartment such that neither
guest program will:
Date.now().Map, or even
Math.random().lockdown();
const compartment = new Compartment();
harden(compartment.globaThis);
compartment.evaluate(program1);
compartment.evaluate(program2);
The above program, program1, and program2 guest programs are only useful
as glorified calculators.
When going beyond that by "endowing" a compartment with extra objects, a host
program is responsible for maintaining any of the invariants above that it
considers necessary.
For example, a host program may run two guest programs in separate compartments, giving one the ability to resolve a promise and the other the ability to observe the settlement (fulfillment or rejection) of that promise. The host program is responsible for hardening the objects implementing such abilities.
lockdown();
const promise = new Promise(resolve => {
const compartmentA = new Compartment(harden({ resolve }));
compartmentA.evaluate(programA);
});
const compartmentB = new Compartment(harden({ promise }));
compartmentB.evaluate(programB);
With ses, guest programs are initially powerless.
A host can explicitly share limited powers with guest programs
and provide intentional communication channels between them.
Host programs must maintain the ses boundary with care in what they present
as endowments.
A host program should take care not to share mutable state with guests,
or distribute mutable state to multiple guests, such as an object that has not
been frozen with harden or a collection like a Map or Set or typed array
(collections retain some mutability even if hardened).
For the purposes of sharing state, pseudo-random number generators (PRNG) like
Math.random() are equivalent to read and write access to shared state, and
any guest can use one to eavesdrop on other guests or the host that share one.
If a guest program needs a high resolution timer to function, the host should only invite one guest to a single operating system process and limit the activity of the host program in the same process.
Hosts must avoid exposing SharedArrayBuffer to guests.
Any two JavaScript programs sharing a SharedArrayBuffer can use the shared
buffer to construct a high resolution timer.
The ses shim does not in itself isolate the stack of guest programs, even
when evaluated in separate compartments.
This is relevant when objects are shared between guest programs.
When a program interacts with an object introduced by another program (as
through the per-compartment globalThis, function arguments or returned
values), there are potential risks due to the synchronous nature of object
access.
Even interactions that are not explicit function calls may cause code from
another program, like property accessors or proxy traps, to execute on the same
stack, which may be able to detect the stack height, throw an exception, or call
back into the program in pursuit of a reentrancy attack.
A host object can defend itself from reentrancy attacks by ensuring that it interacts with guest objects on a clean stack through the use of promises.
Within these constraints, a host program can provide objects that grant limited I/O capabilities to guest programs, and even revoke or suspend those capabilities at runtime.
The trusted compute base (TCB) for ses includes:
ses accounts for one such host behavior provided by Node.js, namely the domain
property on promises, by preventing the use of ses in concert with the
domain module.lockdown, including JavaScript that executes after ses initializes.In June 2021, ses underwent formal third party vulnerability assessment over a
period of 4 weeks with 3 engineers and a dedicated project manager that
surfaced no unknown security issues or vulnerabilities within the code. As a
result of this assessment, a single code change was
made to set a flag to disable the
domain module in Node.js to mitigate a known issue identified in the code. The
code will be the subject of another round of intense application security
review mid-2022 by a reputable application security firm renowned for their
results in security reviews.
In July 2021, ses was the target of an intensive collaborative bug hunt lead by
the MetaMask team.
No critical flaws in the code surfaced during the review.
As a result of the search for flaws, deficiencies, and weaknesses in the code,
a series of small code changes and documentation improvements were made. There
is a report available on the
Agoric blog
that includes links to recordings of code walk-throughs and technical
discussion, and issues are tagged
audit-SEStival.
The video recordings of the MetaMask and Agoric collaborative
review.
provide useful background for future audits, reviews, and for learning more
about how the ses shim constructs a Hardened JavaScript environment.
In addition to vulnerability assessments, active efforts to formally verify
the Agoric kernel
have found the object capability model that ses provides to be sound.
Hardened JavaScript is also within the scope of the Agoric bug bounty program, which rewards researchers for surfacing valid bugs in our code. We welcome the opportunity to cooperate with researchers, whose efforts will undoubtedly yield stronger, more resilient code.
Please help us practice coordinated security bug disclosure, by using the instructions in SECURITY.md to report security-sensitive bugs privately.
For non-security bugs, please use the regular Issues page.
Most ordinary JavaScript can run without issues in a realm locked down by SES.
Exceptions are tracked at issue #576, and almost
always take the form of assignments that fail because the
"override mistake" prevents overriding properties inherited
from a frozen intrinsic object in the prototype chain. When that is the case,
the code is often incompatible with all environments in which intrinsic
objects are frozen (such as in Node.js with the
--frozen-intrinsics option) and can be fixed by
replacing <lhs>.<propertyKey> = <rhs>; or <lhs>[<propertyKey>] = <rhs>; with
Object.defineProperties(<lhs>, {
[<propertyKey>]: {
value: <rhs>,
writable: true,
enumerable: true,
configurable: true,
},
});
Upon encountering an incompatibility, we recommend that you add a comment to issue #576 and file an issue with the external project referencing this section. Projects often have their own unique issue reporting templates, but generally provide some place to include text like
This project has some assignments that break in an environment with frozen intrinsic objects, such as [Hardened JS (a.k.a. SES)](https://github.com/endojs/endo/blob/master/packages/ses#ecosystem-compatibility) or Node.js with the [`--frozen-intrinsics`](https://nodejs.org/docs/latest/api/cli.html#--frozen-intrinsics) option. Specifically, [link to source in the project] does not work correctly in such an environment. Please consider increasing support by replacing assignments to object properties inherited from intrinsics with use of `Object.defineProperties` (thereby working around the JavaScript "override mistake"), and if applicable also by avoiding mutation of intrinsic objects. If you don't have the capacity but would accept a PR, please comment to that effect so that a volunteer knows their efforts would be welcomed.
We find that library authors are generally amenable to making these small changes to increase
compatibility with any environment that protects itself from prototype pollution attacks by freezing
intrinsics, including ses.
FAQs
Hardened JavaScript for Fearless Cooperation
The npm package ses receives a total of 17,621 weekly downloads. As such, ses popularity was classified as popular.
We found that ses demonstrated a healthy version release cadence and project activity because the last version was released less than a year ago. It has 6 open source maintainers collaborating on the project.
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